Zionism is the Jewish national movement and ideology, which aims to unite and revive the Jewish people in its historical homeland the Land of Israel. It emerged in the second half of the 19th century, when revolutionary events swept over the world and when people started demanding freedom and equality. It is worth noting that this movement actually led to the creation of an independent state of Israel. Actually, this concept was interpreted in different terms in accordance with the political predilections of this or that person. THEODORE HERZL AND THE BEGINNING OF THE ZIONIST MOVEMENT IN EUROPE It is considered that the term Zionism arose in 1890, however, its theoretical exposition appeared earlier in the books of the rabbis. At the end of the XIX century, when various national movements were actively formed in Europe, Theodor Herzl, an Austrian journalist of Jewish origin, organized the Zionist movement the national movement of Jews. Its goal was to create an indepe...